Chronic psychological stress significantly contributes to the development and exacerbation of various cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged activation of the body’s fight-or-flight response, orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, floods the system with stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. This sustained physiological state leads to several detrimental effects on the heart and vasculature. Persistent hypertension, or
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